註釋
The major powers fought little after the end of the Napoleonic Wars through to the mid-19th Century. When they did fight again in the Crimea, industrialization had transformed warfare and the presence of journalists began to have an impact on war's duration and outcome. Trains telegraphs, artillery shells, interchangeable gun parts and rapid-fire weapons brought killing on an ever greater scale. To Europeans, the new wars looked as if they would be bloody - but quick and decisive. They believed the Austro-Prussian War was the model, exemplified by the battle Koniggratz. Industrial innovation played a major role in the US Civil War, from the first battle at Manassas, where the railway was key. But despite industrialization, the American Civil War turned into a drawn-out grind. In the aftermath of Koniggratz, the Prussians won another great victory over the French and established a united Germany that would have a resounding influence on the Twentieth Century.